Chernobyl came up in conversation during an early crit. I had been talking about scaffold as an exoskeleton but not really getting anywhere with it. However the idea of a scaffold walkway through an abandoned industrial complex had a certain appeal - Chernobyl - as my interest is to do with the environment. Tenuous perhaps - but the name stuck.
Coal
http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/what-is-coal/
The energy we get from coal today comes from the energy that plants absorbed from the sun millions of years ago. All living plants store solar energy through a process known as photosynthesis. When plants die, this energy is usually released as the plants decay. Under conditions favourable to coal formation, the decaying process is interrupted, preventing the release of the stored solar energy. The energy is locked into the coal.
Bank density is approximately 1346 kg/m³ (84 lb/ft³). bulk density typically runs to 833 kg/m³ (52 lb/ft³).
Different coal densities - http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-coal-d_164.html
Anthracite Coal : 50 - 58 (lb/ft3), 800 - 929 (kg/m3) - lighter than water??? it would/does float - I've seen pieces on the beach at Devonport
approx 1/3 of the weight is volatile matter - ie it is burnt off to form combustion gases, ash accounts for approx 10-20% by weight moisture approx 4%
Carbon fixed in coal 80 - 86% (this is anthracite coal - high quality coal used for coke - ie a coking coal
Anthracite coal - broken - 1105kg/m3 - so based on above 1000kg of coal would produce approx
Coke 570 - 650 kg/m3
Found a delightful but highly scientific paper on coke production - eg " ... and the ignorance of convective heat transfer between gas and coal." http://www.cham.co.uk/puc/puc_melbourne/papers/Upaper24_HQTang.pdf
World Coal Institute brochures - http://www.coal.ca/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48:world-coal-institute-coal-resource-brochures&catid=29:about-coal&Itemid=40
The Coal Resource published by World Coal Institute - year unknown
Prehistoric time line http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/
Coal to Steel Calculation
And given that Around 0.6 tonnes (600 kg) of coke produces 1 tonne (1000 kg) of steel.
1kg steel is produced from .6kg coke
Coal - 33% volatiles, 4% moisture so 1kg coal gives approx .63kg coke
Which produces 1.05 kg steel
So .9524kg coal produces 1kg steel
A sheet of 1.6mm steel (2.4m x 1.2m) is .004608 m3
Density = 7840kg/m3
Sheet weighs 36.122 kg
Requiring 35.55kg coal to produce
Density bulk coal = 833kg/m3
So .0426755 m3
In a cone V =1/3 pi rad squared x height
So to fit on a sheet, rad = 0.3m(600mm diam)
Therefore height = 425mm
OR
Spread over the entire sheet to an ave thickness of 15mm
5 Aug 2011
Other info - 1kg of carbon produces 3.7kg CO2 exists in earths atmosphere at .039% by volume 0r 388 ppm (2010) growth 2 ppm in 2009
1.98 kg per cub m at normal temp/pressure
So back to the sheet of steel, use 80% carbon fixed in the coal ie 0.762 kg carbon per 1kg coal so:
27.1kg carbon used to make sheet of 1.6mm steel or 100kg of CO2 produced! - Fuck!
This would have a volume of 50.6 cubic metres! or a volume measuring 4m x 5m x 2.5m high- around the volume of my lounge.
Emissions Trading - December 2010 - 1 tonne CO2 trading at $21 so value to produce the steel sheet $2.10
5 Aug 2011
Other info - 1kg of carbon produces 3.7kg CO2 exists in earths atmosphere at .039% by volume 0r 388 ppm (2010) growth 2 ppm in 2009
1.98 kg per cub m at normal temp/pressure
So back to the sheet of steel, use 80% carbon fixed in the coal ie 0.762 kg carbon per 1kg coal so:
27.1kg carbon used to make sheet of 1.6mm steel or 100kg of CO2 produced! - Fuck!
This would have a volume of 50.6 cubic metres! or a volume measuring 4m x 5m x 2.5m high- around the volume of my lounge.
Emissions Trading - December 2010 - 1 tonne CO2 trading at $21 so value to produce the steel sheet $2.10
| Fuel name | CO2 emitted (lbs/106 Btu) | CO2 emitted (g/106 J) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural gas | 117 | 50.30 | ||
| Liquefied petroleum gas | 139 | 59.76 | ||
| Propane | 139 | 59.76 | ||
| Aviation gasoline | 153 | 65.78 | ||
| Automobile gasoline | 156 | 67.07 | ||
| Kerosene | 159 | 68.36 | ||
| Fuel oil | 161 | 69.22 | ||
| Tires/tire derived fuel | 189 | 81.26 | ||
| Wood and wood waste | 195 | 83.83 | ||
| Coal (bituminous) | 205 | 88.13 | ||
| Coal (subbituminous) | 213 | 91.57 | ||
| Coal (lignite) | 215 | 92.43 | ||
| Petroleum coke | 225 | 96.73 | ||
| Coal (anthracite) | 227 | 97.59 |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CO2_emitted_per_million_Btu_of_energy_from_various_fuels#Relative_CO2_emission_from_various_fuels
Making Steel
http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/coal-steel/
Around 0.6 tonnes (600 kg) of coke produces 1 tonne (1000 kg) of steel.
Making Concrete
http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/coal-cement/
Over 2.7 billion tonnes of cement were consumed globally in 2007. China's cement consumption alone reached over 1.3 billion tonnes.
What is Cement?
Cement is made from a mixture of calcium carbonate (generally in the form of limestone), silica, iron oxide and alumina. A high-temperature kiln, often fuelled by coal, heats the raw materials to a partial melt at 1450°C, transforming them chemically and physically into a substance known as clinker. This grey pebble-like material is comprised of special compounds that give cement its binding properties. Clinker is mixed with gypsum and ground to a fine powder to make cement.CO2 reduction
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) http://www.worldcoal.org/carbon-capture-storage/ccs-technologies/
All the elements of CCS have been separately proven and deployed in various fields of commercial activity. In fact, around 1 million tonnes of CO2 has been stored each year at the Sleipner project since it started operating in 1996.
Steel in New Zealand
Glenbrook - making steel from iron sands and iron ore (1.4m tonnes of concentrated iron sand shipped off-shore each year) - Great simple descriptions of steel making at the following site - different steps and outcomes - http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/about-new-zealand-steel/operations-/glenbrook-steel-site
NZ Steel's environmental concerns - no attempt to extract CO2 that I can see but other gases and dust particulate handled. Recycling of their own steel wasts occurs (of course) and much of their other solid waste is recycled into things like roading - http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/responsibilities-/environment
Hi there
email to NZ Steel re Glenbrook 23 May 2011
I appreciate that people wishing to visit your production facilities are probably a bit of a headache. My interest is based on a research project I am undertaking this yeas as a post grad student at Elam School of Fine Arts (Auckland University). I am a mature student - a sculptor who particularly enjoys working with steel. I regard steel as one of the most enabling materials that mankind utilises today - and since the industrial revolution. So I am interested to know if you do any organised tours of the production facilities that I could join. Many thanks, Mark Brokenshire
OK so this did not eventuate - not enough interest to form a group - surprise surprise - and not feasible to tack onto another group.
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